一、环境问题简述

jinnianlai，daqiwuran、shuiwuran、bingduganran、shineiwuranzongdengduihuanjingdewuranwentizaiquanqiufanweineikuozhan、chengweiweixierenleishengcundeyanzhongdewenti。youyulajifenshaochangpaifangchudeereying、chuandifangwutuliaosuoshiyongdeyoujixi、diditi（ddt）yijiliuliuliu（bhc）dengnongyao、zaozhichangpaifangdefeishui、jianzhucailiaozhongshiyongderongji、zhanzheji、feiqipaifangzhongdebenbingbidenggezhonggeyangdehuaxuewuzhiraoluanrendeneifenmi，eryinqiguominzhengyijiguominxingpiyanhehuaxuewuzhiguominzhengdengjibing，zheixiewuranchuliqilaifeichangkunnan。sarsheqinliugandailairenleishangwang、judajingjisunshi，renleihaimeiyouzhaodaoyizhongzuihaodebanfaduifutuyuqilaidexinbingduxijirenleidebanfa。

对环境污染物的传统处理方法不外乎收集、浓缩和焚烧处理，如果用同样的方法来处理，由于污染范围极广，必须对大量的水、大气和土壤进行处理。从而消耗大量能源和放出大量的二氧化碳气体，更严重的是伴随焚烧处理还可能产生二恶英等剧毒物质。因而如果用传统方法来处理环境污染物时，人类将面临能源危机、地球温暖化和更进一步污染环境的危险，因此，必须寻求新的、行之有效的环境净化技术。

youyuguangchumeibuxiaohaodiqiunengyuan、bushiyongyouhaidehuaxueyaopin，erjinjinliyongtaiyangguangdeguangnengdengjiukejianghuanjingwuranwuzaidinongdudezhuangtaixiaqingchujinghua，bingqiehaikezuoweikangjunji、fangmeijiyingyong，yinerchengweihuanjingjinghuajishuzhongdeyigeliangdian。renmenchangshuo，21shijishihuanjingdeshiji，jiangshihuanjingbaohudeshiji，guangchumeijishuzuoweiduihuanjingyouhaodehuanjingjinghuajishudeyanjiukaifayijingfazhanqilai，zaishijiezhongderenhedifangzhiyaoyouguangjiukeshiyongguangchumeijishu，yinci，keyiyuqiguangchumeijishujiangzaijinhouyougengdadefazhan。

er、guangchumeidetedian

guangchumeishizhiketongguoxishouguangerchuyugenggaodenengliangzhuangtai，bingjiangnengliangchuandijifanyingwuershiqifashenghuaxuefanyingdeyileiwuzhi。bandaotihejinshuhuahewudengshichangyongdeguangchumeicailiao、qizhongzuichangjiandeshieryanghuatai。eryanghuataiguangfanyongzuoranliao、yafen、shipintianjiajideng，shiyizhonganquanwudu、jialiannaiyongdewuzhi，namieryanghuataitongguomeiguorenzhengduirentiwuhai，yongyukouhonghefangshaishuangzhong。guangchumeizaiguangzhaojiehekongqizhongdeshuizhengqizaibiaomianhuichanshengdaliangqingyanggenziyouji，tabixiaodushajunjibeiguangfanshiyongdecilvsuan、shuangyangshuihechouyangdengjuyougengqiangdeyanghuanengli，keyifenjieyoujiwu，shajunjihefangmei。eryanghuataijuyouzaiguangdezhaoshexianengfenjiehewuhaihuachulijihusuoyouyouhaiyoujiwu，buyongyoududeyaopinhuomei、shiyoudenghuashiranliao，jinliyongganjingqiequzhibujindetaiyangnengjiunengjiangkuosanledehuanjingwuranwuanquanyouxiaodichulibingqiekebanyongjiuhuaxunhuanshiyongdengzhongduodeyoudian。

san、guangchumeikaifadezuji

guangchumeifanyingdeyanjiushiyushanggeshiji50niandai，dangshishiweilejiejueyouyuwujihuahewudaozhideguangfenjiefanying，zaitianjiaeryanghuataidetuliaorongyilaohuazheiyigulaodewentierzhankaide。zhidao70niandaimocaikaishijijiliyongguangchumeifanyinglaichuliyouhaihuaxuewuyijijinxinghuanjingjinghuadengfangmiandeyanjiu，zaiwoguo90niandaichuyekaishizaizheiyifangmianjinxingyanjiu，bingbaogaoleshiyongguangchumeiduihanlvyoujiwu、nongyao、ereyingdengjiangjin100duozhongwuzhijinxingfenjiehewuhaihuachulidemiaosufeitingappguanfangxiazaijieguo。90niandaizhongqi，deguochenggongkaifalemozhuangeryanghuataiguangchumeishiguangchumeilijijinruleshiyonghuajieduan。tongshi，deguozaieryanghuataiguangchumeizaidaqijinghuayanjiushangdeyingyongqudelejinzhan，shiyongeryanghuataiguangchumeizaizijinghuafangmiandeyingyonghechanyehuashangqudelejinzhan。jinjinianlaikexuejishufazhan，guangchumeiyanjiuyededaolexiangdangxunsudefazhan，kexuejiajiangeryanghuataiyonggaokejishoufazhizaochengnamijibie，gengjiatigaoleeryanghuataideguangcuihuaxingneng，liyongjinshuchanzajiqitadefangfashidenamijieryanghuataizaiputongguangzhaoxiayouguangcuihuahuoxing，chenggongyanzhilekangjuntaoci、kangjundiban、waiqiangfanglaohuatuliaodengguangchumeicailiao。woguozaizheiyifangmianyanjiujishuyuguowaixiangdang，chanyehuafangmianluohouyuoumeidengfadaguojia，jinjinianlaiguojiaduiguangcuihuayanjiutourudaliangrenliwuli，zaikejianguangguangchumeiyuancailiaofangmianyeyouguimoshengchannengli。

si、riyikuodadeguangchumeishichang

guangchumeiyongguangzhaosheshichanshengbichouyanghaiqiangdeyanghuanengli，jihunengshamiewutibiaomiansuoyoudexijunhebingdu，bingnengfenjiexijunsihouliuxiadeneidusu，zuizhongjiangxijunhebingdufenjiechengeryanghuatanheshui。keyihenhaodechulirenleibingdudexianghujiaochaganran。tanenggoujiangsuoyoudeyouhaiyoujiwufenjiechengshuiheeryanghuatandengwuduwuchoudewuzhi。zhiyaozaiguangzhaoshexia，guangchumeijiunengyinqiyouhaiwuzhifenjiedenghuaxuefanyingdefasheng，qizuoweiyizhongduihuanjingyouhaobingnengyurenzhangqigongcundehuanjingjinghuacailiaoerxunsuyinqishirendezhumu。

jinnianlai，liyongzheileiguangchumeiyuanlidexiangguanshangpinshichangzhengzaijisuchengzhang。guangchumeitaoci、guangchumeishabu、guangchumeishouji、guangchumeidengguan、guangchumeikongqijinghuaqidengyongyouyouliangxingnengdeguangchumeichanpinriyishoudaoxiaofeizhexiai，guangchumeichanpinshichangguimoyinggaigengjiakuodahua，jianghuichengweishichangdechaoliu。

wu、guangchumeideyingyonghechanyehuajincheng

guangchumeideyingyongfanweibaokuokangjun、fangmei、kongqijinghua（chuchou、paiqijinghua）、zijinghua、fangwu、daqijinghua、shuichulidengguangfandelingyu、suizheyanjiukaifadejinzhan，yikaifachudaliangshiyongchanpin。guangchumeijuyoukangjunchuchoudengduozhongyongtuerzuishiheyuhuliyongpin，zheijiangbansuirenkoulaolinghuaerchengzhangweijudadechanye。

1、kangjunfangmei

eryanghuataizaiguangzhaoshexia，chanshengqingyanggenziyoujidenghuoxingyangbichangyongzuoxiaodushajundelvqi、cilvsuan、shuangyangshuihechouyangdengjuyougengqiangdeyanghuanengli，fahuikangjunzuoyongershixijunhuomeijundefanzhizhongzhi。zheileieryanghuataiguangchumeidekangjunjiyuchuantongdekangjunjibutong、tamenjuyouruxiatezheng：

（1）eryanghuataizaimeiyouguangzhaoshimeiyoukangjunhuoxing。chuantongdekangjunjishitongguoyaoxiaochengfenderongchushifangerzuzhixijundefayuhuoshamiexijun。yongcongcanjuqianrongchumiaosufeitingappguanfangxiazaitongyangdefangfaceshibiaoming：eryanghuataiwanquanburongchu。ereryanghuataiguangchumei，zaiguangzhaodechuqijiuchanshengkangjunzuoyong。youyuzaiguangzhaoxiachanshengdeqingyanggenziyoujidenghuoxingyangshouminghenduan，ruguoxijunbuzaieryanghuataidejinchujiubunengfahuikangjunxiaoguo。yinci，jiangeryanghuataimairuzaitihuojiaozhanjibiaomian。miaosufeitingappguanfangxiazaizhengmingjiangguangchumeituyutaocibiaomianhouzaijinxingshaojie，tadekangjunxiaoguoxiangdanghao。

（3）youyueryanghuataizuoweicuihuaji（guangchumei）zuoyongshizishenbufashengbianhua，yuanlishang，keyibanyongjiudishiyong、ruguoyouguangzhaoshe，tajiunengbanyongjiudichixuyouxiao。

（4）eryanghuataiguangzhaoshexia，chanshengdeqingyanggenziyoujijihunengshisuoyouyoujiwufenjiebianchengeryanghuatandengwududewuzhi。yinci，bujinnengkangjunfangmei、shizuoweixijunhuomeijundeshierdeyoujiwufenjie，yeshixijunhuomeijunshifangchudedusufenjie。erqie，hainengpohuaiaixibao、keshirongrudegezhongyouhaihuaxuewuzhijixiangkongqizhongdeechouhuaxuewuzhifenjiejiwuhaihuadeng。

zaituyoueryanghuataiguangchumeicengdebolibanshangyongriguangdengzhaoshexiadekangdachangganjun、huangseputaojundekangjunxiaoguojunkeda99%yishang。namijieryanghuataizaiweiruodeguangzhaoxiajiunenggouyouhenqiangdeshajunnengli，guangchumeikangjuntaocizaishenghuozhongshiyongbulingjiaguangzhaoyiyangyouchaoqiangdeshajunnengli。

zongshangsuoshu，eryanghuataiguangchumeizuoweixinxingdekangjunjilingrenzhumu、gezhongyingyongdekaifayejinzhanlianghao。guangchumeikangjuncizhuanyijingzaishichangxiaoshou，zaiweishengtaoqi、caidao、anban、jianzhucailiao、24xiaoshiyushiyijiyiliaoyongxianweidengfangmianshangdeyingyongkaifajinzhanshunli。erqie，guangchumeizaifangzaozuoyongyeyidedaoqueren，nengyizhizaoheshuiqingtaideshuicao、nengfangzhishuibianzhihehuazhangqibaoxiandehuapingyijingmianshixiaoshou、zaihunningtu、tuliaoshangdeyingyongyanjiuyeyikaishi。

2、kongqijinghua（chuchou、qitipaifangjinghuaheshineiwuranzonghezhengduicedeng）

guangchumeizaiguangzhaoxiayenenggoufenjiekongqizhongdejiaquan、ben、erjiabendengyouhaiwuzhi，bingnengjiangqiwanquanfenjiechengeryanghuatanheshui，yuchuantongdechuweijibutong，zhinengjiangyizhongyouhaiwubianchenglingyizhongwuweierdeyouhaiwuzhi，guangchumeicaishiyizhongnengchedifenjieyouhaiwuzhidehuanbaocailiao。

zhiyaojiangguangchumeijunyundepentuyushineiqiangmianshang，liyongyangguanghuodengguangjiunenggouyuanyuanbuduandefenjieyouhaiwuzhi，dadajiangdiwuranwuduirentideweihai。zairibentongchangjiatingzaizhuangxiuwanchenghoujiuhuipentushangyicengguangchumeiye，chengleyizhongchangyongdekongqijinghuatuliao，zaiwoguorenmendeyishihaimeiyoudadaozheiyibu，xiangxinbujiudejianglaiguangchumeiyehuizoujinwoguobaixingdejiating。

3、zijinghuayufangwu

yongguangchumeikeyifenjiewuwu，juci，kezhibeizijinghuacailiao。youqishiduiyuyidiandianzengjiadeyouwuhuoxiangyanjiaoyoudexiaoguozuida。liyongzheixiecailiao，keshengchanchuyingyongyujianzhucailiao、waiqiang、chuangbolidenggezhonggeyangdechanpin，tuijinzijinghuajishudefazhan。tuliao、bomoji、guangchumeipiancaidengyijingkaishixiaoshou。ciwai，jiangguangchumeituzaiyachibiaomian，yuguangzhaosheshi，jiangshifuzhezaiyachishangdewuwufenjie、bianbai，zheixianggongnengyiyingyongyuyakemeirong。

yibanlaishuo，eryanghuataiyushuidejiechujiaoweilingduerjuyouchaoqinshuixing、wuwudengfuzheshibiaomianbianchengshushuixingxingchengshuizhuerwuhua。danruguoyouguangzhaozefashengguangchumeifenjiewuwuershiqihuifuchengyuanlaidechaoqinshuixing，jinershiwuhuatingzhi。liyonggaiyuanlikaifachubuwuhuadejingzi、chuangbolihebomojideng。

zaimeirongfangmian，guangchumeikeyingyongyuyakemeirongshiyabianbai。duiyujiaya，yeyikaifachujiayaxijingji。zaijiayazhongjiaruhanguangchumeiderongye，dangyangguangdengguangyuanzhaosheshi，jiayashangfuzhedewuwubeifenjieerbiandeganjing、tongshiyekequchujiayadeechou。

4、daqijinghua

zaimeiguoguoqu20nianzhong，zhuyaoyouyuqicheweiqizhongdedanyanghuawu(nox)、liuyanghuawu(sox)suozaochengdedaqiwuranwentiyizhimeiyoudedaogaishan，yiyinqishuqigonghaisusongerchengweiyanzhongdewenti。ruguoyingyongeryanghuataiguangchumei，zenengshidaqiwuranyuandeyiyanghuadan（no）、eryanghuadan（no2）dengdanyanghuawu（nox）huoliuyanghuawu（sox）yanghuachengxiaosuangenlizi（no3-）huoliusuangenlizi（so42-）。jiangguangchumeitushuayujianzhuwudewaiqiangshi，jiukeliyongtaiyangguangjiangdanyanghuawuhuoliuyanghuawufenbieyanghuachengxiaosuangenlizihuoliusuangenlizi，xiayushikejiangxiaosuangenlizihuoliusuangenlizichongshuaxialai，jiuzheiyangkechixubuduandijinxingguangchumeifanying，congerchuqudaqizhongdedanyanghuawuhuoliuyanghuawu。xianyiyanjiubiaomingchongshuaxiaosuangenlizihuoliusuangenliziyushuidesuanxingkeyibeikongqizhongfuyoudejianxingfenchensuozhonghe。muqian，hanguangchumeidedaqijinghuachanpin，birudaolujianshezhongdedaqijinghuabujian、tuliao、piancai、shuiniyijidaolulumiandengyibeikaifatuiguang。fuzheyouguangchumeidexiyinbancaihegaosudaoludefangyinbidengshangpinyezaikaifazhizhong。

5、shuichuli

muqian，yongdezuiduodeshuichulifangfashicaiyonghuoxingwunidengdeweishengwuchulifa，gaifaduiyuhanlvyoujiwudechulihaihenkunnan，chanshengdeshengyuwuniyechengweihuanjingwenti。zhijin，shengyuwunizhuyaocaiyongfenshaochulihemaitianchuli，danfenshaochulihoudecanhuiyouchengweixindewenti，maitianchuliyebunengwuxiandizhanyongtudiziyuan。guangchumeiyongyushuichulideyanjiuhenzaojiukaishibingyizhizaichixu。kaishidemiaosufeitingappguanfangxiazaishijiangguangchumeidefenmofensanhanyouhaiwudeshuizhongyongguangzhaoshelaichulishuizhongdeyouhaiwu，danshi，youyuzheizhongfangfazhinengyicixingchulierwufalianxuchuli，chuliganjingdeshuiyuguangchumeidefenliyekunnaneryizhidebudaoshiyonghua。suizhejinyoueryanghuataichengmodeguangchumeidekaifachenggongcaizhenzhengyingyongyushuichuli。

muqian，yushuichulixiangguandeguangchumeichanpinyouboliqiju、nengyizhizaoleiheqingtaifanzhideshuicao、shishuibuyibianzhicongershihuaqiyanzhangdehuapingdeng。ciwai，liyongguangchumeidezhouyeyushiyeyishangpinhua，jingshuiqi、feishuichulizhuangzhi、yinliaoshuidejinghua、shajunzhuangzhi、chaochunshuizhizaozhuangzhi、ransefeishuidetuosexitong、jianyijingshuiqi、yushuijinghuazhuangzhi、handiandufeiyeqinghuahewudefenjiezhuangzhi、beihuanjingjisudengsuowuranjianghedejinghuaxitongyijishengchufangdeniaochulixitongdengdouzaikaifajinxingzhong。haiyoujiangdixiashuizhongdeyoujirongjizhengfachengqitihoujinyibuyongguangchumeifenjiedezhuangzhiyeyiyouxiaoshou。

lingwaimuqian，ruhechulifeiqiwusheshidefenshaoludefeiqizhongdeereyingyichengweiyanzhongdewenti，zaozhigongyefeishuizhonghanereyinghuolajifenshaochangdefeiqixijingshui（qingxishui）hanereyingdechuliyejiangshiqianzaidewenti。tebieshizuijinyicongyixiejiangheshuizhongjianchuyanzhongchaobiaodeereying，weici，yingyongguangchumeifenjieereyingshuichulizhuangzhidengyezaikaifazhizhong。

6、baoxian

zhongsuozhouzhi，zaibaocunshuiguoheliangshishi，ruguoqizhongshaoliangfashengbianzhi，zeqitadebufenjianghenkuaibianzhi。zheishiyouyuyibianzhidebufenhuishifangchunengcujinshuiguoheshucaidengchengshulaohuadeyiguiqiti，cujinqitabufenchengshu、laohuaerjiasufubai。ruguoshiyongguangchumei，nengjiangyiguiqitifenjieweieryanghuatanheshui，shishuiguoheliangshinengzhangshijianbaocun，tigaoshangpindeshichangjiage。zaicaomeixiangzilifangruguangchumeipianshicaomeibaoxianhuozaishipincangkudengdifangshiyongshishuiguoheliangshikeyizhangqibaoxiandezhuangzhiyeyishangpinhua。shiyongguangchumeibujinnengfenjieyiguiqiti，tongshihainengfangzhicangkuneixijunhemeidengdefanzhiyijichuchoudeng，shichanpinpinzhiwendingdetongshihainengshuhuanzuoyehuanjing，bingshigezhongnongzuowudechanhuncunfangchengweikeneng。tongshihaikeyongyuzhongmiao、genjingqiudebaocun，fangzhibocai、dasuandengdebianhuang。liyongguangchumeidezheizhongxiaoguo，fangzhishipinfulan、yizhilajidepaifang，congjiejueliangshiwentihefeiqiwuwentideguandianlaikanyelingrenzhumu。yongguangchumeicailiaozhizaodebaozhuangmojikeyiqidaozhangjiubaoxianerqiebaozhuangmozaiziranjiezhonglianggeyuejiuhuijiangjie，bichuantongdejiangjiecailiaochengbendideduo。

zongshangsuoshu，keyongguangchumeichulideyouhaiwuzhishubushengshu，takeyianquanguangfandiyingyongzaihuanjingbaohudegegefangmian、shi21shijizuiyouxiwangdejishuzhiyi、muqian，gezhonggeyangdechanpinyizaishichangshangchuxian。raner，yicaiyongguangchumeidexiangguanchanpindexingneng，biruzijinghuadexiaoguo，zaishebeigangwanbishikeyirongyikandao， danzaijingguojigeyuehou，gaixiaoguojiubumingxianle。muqianwoguohaimeiyouyigetongyideyouguangchumeixingnengpingjiadeshiyanfangfa，eryoushengchanqiyezixingzhiding，congerwufabijiaoguangchumeidexingneng、youyumeiyouzhiliangbiaozhun，zheiyanzhongzuaileguangchumeishichangdejiankangfazhan，xiwangwoguojinkuaichutaiguangchumeichanpindepingdingbiaozhun。

muqian，guangchumeiyingyongjishudekaifazhengzaiquanlituijinzhong。suizheguangchumeijishuzaishijiegeguodepuji，jiangcujinguangchumeixinyongtudekaifahejinhoujudashichangdechengzhang。suizheguangchumeidekaifahepuji、kuodayingxiang，jiangcujindiqiuhuanjingdegaishan。